Masonry
Bond Patterns
Running
or all stretcher bond: the running bond consists entirely of full bricks
known as stretchers. In trade terms, a
stretcher is a brick laid with its long side facing out. A running bond is achieved by laying all
stretchers centered over the stretchers of the course below (Kreh 154 –155).
 |
| "Running Bond" |
Common or American Bond: similar to the running bond, but instead have a course of headers (short –side or brick) inserted at regular intervals to tie the masonry units together. Headers are usually inserted starting with the fifth, six, or seventh row. The odd numbered row is more commonly known as the nth row. The common bond is typically used when constructing a solid masonry wall (Kreh 154 –155).
 | |||
| "Common or American Bond" |
Flemish
Bond: this pattern is constructed by
laying alternating stretchers and headers on the same course, with each header
centered over the stretcher of the course below. On every other course, the headers will be
found form an even, vertical line. The
Flemish bond is only to be constructed with solid brick, therefore, this bond
is less cost efficient than other bonds.
On the other hand, the Flemish bond is very aesthetically pleasing (Kreh
155).
 |
| "Flemish Bond" |
English Bond: unlike the Flemish bond, the English bond is constructed with alternating courses of headers and stretchers. The headers are centered on the stretchers and the joints between the stretchers in all courses are in line vertically (Kreh 156). This bond is commonly used when a structure with an 8” solid brick wall is being assembled. The headers must be cut when a 4” wall is to be constructed. Although not commonly used today, the English bond is preferred when creating colonial reproductions (Kreh 156).
 |
| "English Bond" |
Garden
Wall Bond: the garden wall bond is a
derivative of the Flemish bond, and typically used when enclosing a garden,
courtyard, or estate (Kreh 157). One
variation of this bond is created with two stretchers and a header alternating on
the same course (double stretcher garden wall bond). Another method is the three stretcher
garden wall bond, and it consists of three stretchers and a header
alternating on the same course (Kreh 158).
The alternating courses create a diamond effect which is magnified in
the three stretcher form (Kreh 158).
 |
| "English Garden Wall Bond" |
Stack
Bond: generally used for decorative
purposes. In the stack bond, courses of
stretchers are laid directly over each other (Kreh 157). The stack bond is not an efficient pattern
for load bearing masonry.
 |
| "Stack Bond" |
Bond Meanings
Mortar
Bond: the mortar bond is the adhesion of the masonry unit with the mortar
Structural
Bond: the structural bond is the
interlocking of the masonry units for the purpose of weight distribution
Pattern
Bond: the pattern bond is the
arrangement of masonry units to form patterns, texture, or designs (Kreh 143).
Brick Positions
Stretcher:
brick laid in a horizontal position
with the longest, narrowest side exposed at the front of the wall. This is the most common brick position (Kreh
147).
 |
| Stretcher |
Header:
brick laid with the 4” face of the
brick exposed at the front of the wall.
The widest part of the header is laid in the mortar bed. Headers are used for tying two separate walls
together, capping walls, and contributing to different patterns (Kreh 147).
 |
| Header |
Soldier:
brick laid in a vertical position on its narrowest and shortest side, with
the longest side of the brick exposed on the front side of the brick exposed on
the front side of the wall. Solider
bricks are most commonly used over doorways, windows, or openings to simulate
an arch (Kreh 147).
 |
| Soldier |
Shiner:
brick laid with the widest side of the brick in a horizontal position
exposed on the front of a finished wall.
The shiner is also used for leveling, paving, and decorative purposes
(Kreh 147).
 |
| Shiner |
Rowlock:
brick laid in a vertical position with the end of the brick facing the
front of the finished wall. The fact
that the shiner is laid on its narrowest side distinguishes it from a
header. Rowlocks are used to cap walls
and decorative patterns (Kreh 147).
 |
| Rowlock |
Sailor:
brick laid with the widest part of the brick facing the front of the
finished wall in a vertical position.
Sailor bricks are most commonly used to form different bond patterns
(Kreh 147).
 |
| Sailor |
Common Brick Joints
Concave:
severe weather
resistant joint that is tooled
V –Shape: severe weather resistant joint that
is tooled
Flush: poor weather resistant joint that is
troweled
Raked:
poor weather resistant
joint that is troweled
Extruded: poor weather
resistant joint that is troweled
Beaded:
moderate weather
resistant joint that is troweled
Struck: moderate weather resistant joint that is troweled
Weathered: severe
weather resistant joint that is troweled
 |
| "Masonry Joints" |
Standard Brick
Dimensions
Unit Name
|
Width
|
Length
|
Height
|
Modular
|
3
½” or 3 5/8”
|
7
½” or 7 5/8”
|
2
¼”
|
Standard
|
3
½” or 3 5/8”
|
8”
|
2
¼”
|
Engineer
Modular
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
7
½” or 7- 5/8”
|
2
¾” or 2- 15/16”
|
Engineer
Standard
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
8”
|
2
¾”
|
Closure
Modular
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
7
½” or 7- 5/8”
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
Closure
Standard
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
8”
|
3-
5/8”
|
Roman
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
11
½” or 11- 5/8”
|
1-
5/8”
|
Norman
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
11
½” or 11- 5/8”
|
2
¼”
|
Engineer
Norman
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
11
½” or 11- 5/8”
|
2
¾” to 2 -13/16”
|
Utility
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
11
½” or 11- 5/8”
|
3
½” or 3- 5/8”
|
King
Size
|
2
–3/4”
|
9
-5/8”
|
2
-5/8” or 2 ¾”
|
Queen
Size
|
2-3/4”
|
7
-5/8” or 8”
|
2
¾”
|
(Chart Data Comes From Figure 8.11 in Allen p. 254)
The Brick Institute of America is
chiefly responsible for establishing the dimensions of bricks used for
construction in North America. Modular
bricks are manufactured so that three courses plus 3/8” mortar joints add up to
a vertical dimension of 8”. The length
of one modular brick plus the mortar joint tallies to a horizontal dimension of
8”. As illustrated by the chart, the alternative
brick dimensions are calculated for 3/8 –inch and 1/2 –inch mortar joint
thickness (Allen 254).
General Masonry
Guidelines
Block
|
2
-1/2 bags mortar per 100 block (40 block per bag)
800
lb. sand per 100 block
1.125
block per sq. ft. of wall area
75%
of length of wall gives # of block per course
Take
height of wall (in ft.) times 1.5 for # of courses
|
Brick
|
App.
7 bags of mortar per 1000 brick (143 brick per bag)
App.
1 ton of sand per 1000 brick
App.
7 brick per sq. ft. of wall area
4.625
courses of brick per foot of wall height
|
Cement Plaster
|
½”
thick (100 sq. ft.) 220# sand 0.8 bag
mortar
½”
thick (100 sq. ft.) 330# sand 1.2 bag
mortar
½”
thick (100 sq. ft.) 440# sand 1.6 bag
mortar
|
Mortar
|
Mix
1 part mortar to 2 -1/2 parts sand
|
Sand -Gravel
|
App.
3000 lb. per cu. Yd. (# yards times 1.5 for tons)
App.
110 lb. Per cu. Ft. (27 cu. Ft. in a cu. Yd.)
|
Works Cited
Allen,
Edward. Fundamentals of Building
Construction: Materials and Methods.
NY: John
Wiley and Sons, 1998.Print.
“Common Bond or American Bond.” Photograph.
Platoacadiau, n.d.
Web. 4 May 2013.
“Decorative English Bond.” Photograph.
Constructiontechnology, n.d.
Web. 4 May 2013.
“English Garden Wall Bond.”
Photograph. Canterburybuildings,
n.d. Web. 4 May 2013.
“Flemish Bond Pattern.” Photograph.
Pavingexperts, n.d.
Web. 4 May 2013.
Kreh,
Richard T. Masonry Skills 5th
Edition. NY: Delmar Learning, a
division of Thompson
Learning, Inc, 2003. Print.
“Stack Bond.”
Photograph. Platoacadiau, n.d. Web. 4
May 2013.
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